जानकी पुल – A Bridge of World's Literature. जानकी पुल पर प्रकाशित लेखों में प्रकट विचार लेखक के होते हैं. उनसे मॉडरेटर का सहमत होना जरूरी नहीं है. हाँ, अपने लेखों में प्रकट विचारों के लिए मॉडरेटर खुद जिम्मेदार है
20 वां पुस्तक मेला समाप्त हो गया. खबर आई कि हिंदी किताबों के स्टॉल्स पर अधिक भीड़ रही. ‘इण्डिया टुडे’ ने लिखा कि प्रकाशकों की युवा पीढ़ी हिंदी प्रकाशन के परिदृश्य को बदल रही है. हिंदी प्रकाशन का परिदृश्य किस तरह बदल रहा है, इसको लेकर मेरा यह लेख कल ‘दैनिक हिंदुस्तान’ में प्रकाशित हुआ था. पेज बना दिल्ली में प्रकाशित हुआ पटना और रांची में. आपकी सम्मति के लिए- प्रभात रंजन
दिल्ली में चल रहे 20 वें पुस्तक मेले के बारे में हाल में ही अंग्रेजी के एक अखबार ने लिखा कि इस दफा हिंदी के पुस्तकों के खरीदार पहले से अधिक आ रहे हैं. उस समाचार में एक और महत्वपूर्ण बात की ओर इशारा किया गया है कि अब हिंदी में पाठक समाज का विस्तार हो रहा है. पहले हिंदी साहित्य के पाठक आम तौर पर वही माने जाते थे जिनका हिंदी पढ़ने-पढाने से किसी तरह का नाता होता था. लेकिन अब ‘प्रोफेशनल्स’ की रूचि भी हिंदी साहित्य की तरफ हुआ है. हिंदी पट्टी में जो नया युवा वर्ग तैयार हो रहा है वह मल्टीनेशनल्स में काम करता है, जिसकी क्रय क्षमता अच्छी है. लेख में इस ओर भी ध्यान दिलाया गया है कि अब हिंदी में पुस्तकों का प्रकाशन पहले से आकर्षक ढंग से होने लगा है. विषय-वैविध्य भले न हुआ हो. लेकिन बात यह है कि लोग अपनी बोली में ‘अपना साहित्य’ पढ़ना चाहते हैं. पिछले 20 सालों से मेले में जा रहे इतिहासकार व अंग्रेजी के कला-समीक्षक पार्थो दत्ता ने इस पुस्तक मेले के बारे में यह टिप्पणी की कि इस बार अंग्रेजी प्रकाशकों के हॉल्स में उतनी भीड़ नहीं दिखी जितनी हिंदी के हॉल्स में.
कुल मिलाकर, हिंदी पुस्तकों का बाजार बढ़ रहा है, व्यापार बढ़ रहा है. जबसे हिंदी में हार्पर कॉलिंस तथा पेंगुइन जैसे कारपोरेट प्रकाशकों ने पांव पसारे हैं मार्केटिंग के नए-नए नुस्खे हिंदी किताबों के बाजार को बढाने के लिए आजमाए जाने लगे हैं. एक नुस्खा अनुवादों को लेकर आजमाया जा रहा है. अभी हाल में पेंगुइन ने नोबेल पुरस्कार प्राप्त लेखक वी.एस. नायपॉल की अनेक प्रसिद्ध पुस्तकों के हिंदी अनुवाद प्रकाशित किए हैं, जिनमें ‘ए हाउस फॉर मिस्टर बिश्वास’, ‘हाफ ए लाइफ’, ‘मिलियन म्यूटिनीज नाऊ’ जैसी प्रसिद्ध पुस्तकें शामिल हैं. पुस्तकें हिंदी में छपी हैं, लेकिन उनके शीर्षक वही रहने दिए गए हैं जो अंग्रेजी में हैं. यह अटपटा जरूर लग सकता है लेकिन यह मार्केटिंग की सोची-समझी रणनीति है. हिंदी का आम पाठक भी अंग्रेजी के प्रसिद्ध पुस्तकों के नाम जानता है. हिंदी मीडिया के माध्यम भी अंग्रेजी के लेखकों, उनकी पुस्तकों के बारे में छापते हैं. हिंदी के अखबार, पत्रिकाएं अपने पन्नों पर अंग्रेजी के बेस्टसेलर्स की सूची छापते हैं. मसलन उनके लिए भी हिंदी के किसी लेखक से बड़ा ‘स्टार राइटर’ चेतन भगत ही है.
इसके कारण होता यह है कि हिंदी के किस लेखक को साहित्य अकादेमी पुरस्कार मिला या ज्ञानपीठ पुरस्कार मिला, हिंदी पट्टी के पाठक ठीक से नहीं जान पाते हैं, लेकिन उनको यह पता रहता है कि किस भारतीय या भारतीय मूल के लेखक को नोबेल पुरस्कार मिला या बुकर मिला. कौन-सी किताबें अंग्रेजी में चर्चित हुई. कहने का मतलब है कि अंग्रेजी की चर्चित पुस्तकों का एक बना-बनाया बाजार हिंदी में रहता है, अनुवादों के माध्यम से जिनकी पूर्ति होती है. पुस्तक मेले में भी अनूदित पुस्तकों को लेकर रुझान अधिक रहा. चाहे वह वी.एस. नायपॉल की पुस्तकें हों या अंग्रेजी में 10 लाख बिकने वाली युवा लेखक रविंदर सिंह की पुस्तक ‘आई टू हैड ए लव स्टोरी’ का हिंदी अनुवाद- ‘एक प्रेम कहानी मेरी भी’. अंग्रेजी की पुस्तकों का मूल नाम से प्रकाशन कोई नया फॉर्मूला नहीं है. पहले भी बुकर पुरस्कार मिलने के बाद अरविन्द अडिगा के उपन्यास ‘व्हाईट टाइगर’ का हिंदी अनुवाद एक प्रसिद्ध प्रकाशक ने उसी नाम से छापा था. पेंगुइन ने भी मुंबई के अपराध-जीवन पर लिखे गए विक्रम चंद्रा के उपन्यास ‘द सेक्रेड गेम्स’ का हिंदी अनुवाद मूल नाम से ही प्रकाशित किया था. क्योंकि मोटी एडवांस राशि मिलने के कारण उस पुस्तक की प्रकाशन के पूर्व चर्चा हुई थी. यह अलग बात है कि हिंदी में वह पुस्तक नहीं चली क्योंकि अंग्रेजी में भी उसकी उत्साहवर्धक समीक्षाएं नहीं प्रकाशित हुई थीं. लब्बोलुबाब यह कि अंग्रेजी में चर्चित-अचर्चित होना हिंदी के पुस्तक-बाजार को प्रभावित करता है.
हाल में हिंदी में अनूदित पुस्तकों का वितान भी इसी कारण बदला है. हिंदी के जो परम्परागत तथाकथित ‘बड़े’ प्रकाशक हैं वे अधिकतर उन पुस्तकों के हिंदी अनुवाद छापते रहे हैं जो कुछ क्लासिक का दर्जा रखती हों. लेकिन अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रकाशकों की आमद तथा हिंदी के कुछ प्रकाशकों की पहल के कारण अब हिंदी में यह संभव हो पाया है कि अंग्रेजी में हाल में चर्चित हुई किताबों का हिंदी में प्रकाशन संभव हो सके. यह पहले संभव नहीं था कि एप्पल के संस्थापक कंप्यूटरविद स्टीव जॉब्स की जीवनी अंग्रेजी में छपने के महज एक महीने के भीतर हिंदी में छपकर आ जाए. कारण यह था कि उस पुस्तक में स्टीव जॉब्स के भारत से आध्यात्मिक लगाव के बारे में विस्तार से लिखा गया है या स्पैनिश भाषा के लेखक मारियो वर्गास ल्योसा को नोबेल पुरस्कार मिलने के एक महीने के भीतर उनके उपन्यास का हिंदी अनुवाद छप कर आ जाए.
हिंदीभाषी इलाके का पाठक विश्व भाषाओं में चर्चित पुस्तकों को पढ़ना चाहता है लेकिन अपनी भाषा में. अनुवाद का बाजार बढ़ रहा है. नहीं तो जो प्रकाशक मौलिक पुस्तकों के लेखकों को ठीक से रायल्टी नहीं देता वही प्रकाशक अनुवादकों को सम्मानजनक मानदेय कैसे देता है? यह अलग बात है कि हिंदी पुस्तकों के इस बढते बाजार का फायदा लेखकों तक नहीं पहुँच पा रहा है. हिंदी के अधिकांश प्रकाशक पुस्तकों की बिक्री के ठीक-ठीक आंकड़े नहीं देते. वे अधिकतर सरकारी खरीद पर ही निर्भर बने रहना चाहते हैं. पुस्तक मेलों में बिक्री को लेकर एक हिंदी प्रकाशक ने टिप्पणी की थी यह हिंदी के प्रकाशकों के लिए कम्बल ओढकर घी पीने का अवसर होता है. अधिकांश हिंदी प्रकाशक मेलों में पुस्तकों की नगद बिक्री ही करते हैं. खरीदार पाठकों के लिए क्रेडिट कार्ड जैसी सामान्य सुविधा भी कितने प्रकाशकों के पास होती है? पुस्तक बाजारों की बिक्री हिंदी प्रकाशकों के लिए दिखाने का नहीं छुपाने का अवसर होता है. किताबों की लोकप्रियता, उनकी बिक्री के सही आंकड़े सामने नहीं आ पाते. प्रकाशक इस भ्रम को बनाये रखना चाहते हैं कि हिंदी की किताबें नहीं बिकती, कि वे हिंदी में प्रकाशन का व्यवसाय चलाकर अपनी राष्ट्रभाषा की बहुत बड़ी सेवा कर रहे हैं, इसलिए सरकार को अधिक से अधिक हिंदी पुस्तकें खरीदकर उनकी मदद करते रहना चाहिए.
मेलों-आयोजनों में हिंदी किताबों के प्रति इस बढ़ती रूचि में बड़ी भूमिका, भले ही खामोश तौर पर, मीडिया के नए माध्यमों ब्लॉग, फेसबुक आदि की भी है. मीडिया के इन नए माध्यमों ने हिंदी का एक नया लेखक-वर्ग तैयार किया है और जिसकी वजह से हिंदी का एक नया पाठक वर्ग बन रहा है, जो हिंदी की किताबें खरीद रहा है, पढ़ रहा है. यह वर्ग वह है जो अंग्रेजी की पुस्तकों के विषय में अच्छी जानकारी रखता है है जैसे ही उस भाषा की किसी चर्चित पुस्तक को हिंदी में देखता है खरीद लेता है या खरीदने के बारे में सोचता है. यह लेखकों-पाठकों का वह वर्ग है जो हिंदी की पुस्तकों की अधिक कीमत का रोना नहीं रोता. हिंदी में पुस्तकें पढ़ना, उनके बारे में ब्लॉग, फेसबुक जैसे सोशल मीडिया के माध्यमों पर उनके बारे में चर्चा करने में वे किसी तरह की शर्म महसूस नहीं करते. दुनिया भर में फैले विस्थापितों का यह ऐसा समुदाय है जो अपनी भाषा के माध्यम से अपनी जड़ों से जुड़ना चाहता है.
भले हिंदी में बाजारवाद का सबसे अधिक विरोध हो रहा हो, लेकिन हिंदी का बाजार बड़ा होता जा रहा है. यह कयास लगाये जाने लगे हैं कि पहले भारत के अंग्रेजी साहित्य का विश्व स्तर पर बाजार बना, देर-सबेर हिंदी पुस्तकों के अंग्रेजी अनुवादों का बाजार भी बनेगा. यह माना जाने लगा है कि अगर भारतीय समाज को सही ढंग से समझना है तो उसमें हिंदी साहित्य ही सबसे मददगार साबित होगी. पता नहीं, फिलहाल तो हिन्दुस्तान में हिंदी का ‘स्पेस’ बढ़ रहा है. जिसमें कोई संदेह नहीं की अनूदित पुस्तकों की बड़ी भूमिका है.
प्रभात रंजन जी ने आलेख में पुस्तक प्रकाशन से संबंधित अधिकतर कोने-अंतरे को खंगालने की कोशिश की है और उसमें सफल हुए हैं।अब जबकि बोधि प्रकाशन ने बोधि पुस्तक पर्व के 10रु प्रति पुस्तक मुल्य वाले दो-दो सेट प्रकाशित कर लिये हैं और हम जैसे पाठकों तक वे पुस्तकें पहुंच भी गयी हैं,तो उसे उदाहरण मानकर यह कहा जा सकता है कि ज्यादातर प्रकाशक गणित के गलत आंकड़े प्रस्तुत कर लेखकों की हकमारी कर रहे है।प्रकाशकों की ओर से जब भी सुना है,500प्रतियों के संस्करण की बात सामने आई है जो किसी तरह हजम होने वाली बात नहीं लगती।स्पष्ट है कि वे 500 प्रतियों का प्रकाशन दिखाकर प्रति पुस्तक लागत ज्यादा साबित करते हैं।कौन मानेगा कि इतने बड़े देश में किसी किताब की मात्र इतनी ही प्रतियां बिकती हैं।सीधी बात है कि आफसेट प्रिन्टिंग के इस समय में जितनी ज्यादा प्रतियां छपेंगी,प्रति पुस्तक लागत उतनी ही कम आयेगी और कम मुल्य में अधिकतर पाठकों को उप्लब्ध कराकर भी प्रकाशक बचत कर पायेंगे और जो वे करते भी हैं,भले ही अपने व्यवसायिक हित में वे इसे स्वीकार न करें।क्षेत्रीय भाषाओं में जो संकट हो,कम से कम हिन्दी में पाठकों का संकट नहीं है।यदि कोई प्रकाशक मेरे इस दावे को चुनौती दे तो हिन्दी की किसी किताब की 500 प्रतियां तो मैं कोशी-जनपद जैसे अति पिछड़े इलाके में बेचकर दिखा सकता हूं।मेरे इस तर्क के पक्ष में बोधि प्रकाशन एक ज्वलंत उदाहरण के रुप में उपस्थित है जिसने 10रु के सेटों के अतिरिक्त भी जो किताबें छापी हैं,वे दूसरे प्रकाशकों की पुस्तको की तुलना में काफी कम कीमतों की हैं और स्तरीय भी हैं।प्रभात रंजन जी के आलेख ने एक बेहतर भविष्य के लिये विमर्ष की जमीन दी है,जिसे आगे बढाया जाना चाहिये।
पुस्तक प्रकाशन की पड़ताल करता एक अच्छा लेख !
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जब से पुस्तक मेले से होकर आयी हूँ एक प्रश्न घूम रहा है ………जब सब प्रकाशक चाहे छोटा हो या बडा ये कहते हैं कि हिंदी का बाज़ार छोटा है वहाँ कोई स्कोप नही है तो फिर ये छाप कैसे रहे हैं? दूसरी बात सबका कहना है कविता तो कोई पढता ही नही जब ऐसा है तो इतनी दया दृष्टि किसलिये और किस पर? आज तो बल्कि ये हो रहा है कि लेखक से ही पैसा लिया जाता है छापने का और उसे कुछ प्रतियाँ देकर इतिश्री कर ली जाती है फिर उसकी किताबें बिकें या नहीं उनको बाज़ार मिले या नहीं किसी को कोई फ़र्क नही पडता और प्रकाशक अपने अगले शिकार पर निकल पडता है ऐसे मे कहां लेखक से न्याय हुआ? इस तरह के कुछ गंभीर विषय हैं जो चाहते हैं कि उन पर भी ध्यान दिया जाये और नये लेखकों को प्रकाशक और बाज़ार दोनो मिले क्योंकि प्रतिभायें आज भी हैं मगर उन्हे फ़लने फ़ूलने के लिये समुचित वातावरण नही मिल रहा। सिर्फ़ कोरा व्यावसायिक दृष्टिकोण बनकर रह गया है ।
सुशांत जी, आपकी चिन्ता में साझा करता हूं। क्या हम वाकई इस विषय में गंभीर हो सकते हैं…हां तो जरुर इस पर चर्चा करना चाहूंगा आपसे…हम लगातार इस दिशा में सोच रहे हैं। प्रभात रंजन जी किसी विषय को तह तक खंगालते हैं, यही अपेक्षा उनसे लगातार रहती भी है।
सूझ-बूझ भरा लेख है. प्रकाशन के कारपोरेटीकरण के निहितार्थों और फलितार्थों को अच्छे से उघाडा है, उधेड़ा भी है. नए माध्यमों के प्रभाव स्वरुप हिंदी के बढ़ते पाठक वर्ग की परिघटना को भी सही रेखांकित किया है. बधाई लो.
उत्तम लेख। लेकिन कीमतों को कम करने की कोई कोशिश नजर नहीं आती। अंग्रेजी में फिर भी कीमतें कम हैं।मोटी-मोटी किताबें 300-400 तक में मिल जाती हैं। हिंदी किताबों की कीमत 150 से ज्यादा नहीं होनी चाहिए। लेकिन ऐसा होता नहीं। प्रकाशकों का लालच कम नहीं हो रहा। शायद विदेशी प्रकाशक ही इनकी अक्ल को ठिकाने लगाएंगे। मैं कई बार ऐसा सोचता हूं कि सौ-पचास रुपये में कोई किताब मेरे गांव के दुकान तक पेप्सी-कोला की तरह क्यों नहीं उपलब्ध होती..? अभी जो पाठक वर्ग दिख रहा है उससे करीब 20-40 गुना ज्यादा बड़ा वर्ग कस्बों-गावों में मौजूद है। लेकिन वहां तक किताबें ही नहीं पहुंचती। फिर तो प्रतिवद्ध पाठकों का ही आसरा है, जिनकी संख्या कभी 20-30 हजार से ज्यादा नहीं होती। इस बारे में हम-सब को मिलकर सोचना होगा।
अस्सी घाट का बांसुरी वाला: क्रांति का पाञ्चजन्य
सच्चे अनुभवों की सच्ची अनुभूति ही कविता है। हर सच्ची कविता अपने समय और समाज में पसरी असमानता और शोषण का विरोध करती है। हम जिस बिडंवनाग्रस्त समाज में सांस ले रहे हैं उसमें अंतर्विरोध और विकृतियां बढ़ती जा रही हैं। ऐसे में सह्दय समाज की प्रतिबद्धता और बढ जाती है। तजेन्दर लूथरा की क्रांति का पाञ्चजन्य संघर्ष की एक नई ज़मीन तैयार करती हैं। फिर उसे यूं ही नहीं छोड़ती बल्कि प्रतिरोध का बीज भी बो कर आती हैं। यही इन कविताओं की सच्चाई भी है। सत्ता और तंत्र के तिलिस्म को तोड़ने के लिए इनका सृजन समय और समाज में दबे छिपे चुप पड़े आत्महनन पर उतारु मध्यमवर्गीय समाज का सारा सच उगल देती हैं।
क्रांति का आह्वान करती ये कविताएं उसी बांसुरीवाले के हैं जो लगभग प्रत्येक कविता एक आंतरिक धुन समेटे हुए है….जीत भले न पाऊं पर चलूंगा लेकिन/ कोशिश करूंगा लेकिन….‘’अस्सी घाट का बांसुरीवाला” कविता प्याज की परतों सी और अधिक अर्थवती होकर खुलती है। इसकी पहली ही पंक्ति से जाहिर है कि मात्र कविताई करना तेजेंदर का उदेश्य नहीं। कविता के माध्यम से ऊबड़ खाबड़ व्यवस्था में क्रांतिकारी अंदाज में कुछ ज़रूरी फेरबदल इनकी रचनाधर्मिता है। कविता शुरू होती है—‘इसे कहीं से भी शुरू किया जा सकता है’….अस्सी घाट का बांसुरी वाला स्पंदन के रूप में अपनी पहचान बनाता पूरे परिवेश से अपने सरोकार जोड़ बैठता है। किसी उम्मीद की तरह बज उठती है बांसुरी की तान। आस्था का इतना चमत्कारिक रूप पहले कभी नहीं पाया था। जहां पूरी अलमस्ती में वह बांसुरी वाला अपनी ही नहीं दूसरों की सुध बुध भी बिसार देता है। युग के अनुरूप जैसे पौराणिक आरती की धीरे-धीरे मन्तव्य बदलने लगता है और वह पंक्ति ‘शरण पड़ूं में किसकी’ क्रांति का पाञ्चजन्य सी लगती है। जैसे इस पंक्ति में युग परिवर्तन या कह लें क्रांति का आवाह्न है। लगता है सभी देवी देवता एक साथ प्रकट होकर प्रलय की ओर बढ़ती हुई सृष्टि को बचा लेना चाहते हों। गंगा पुन: जीवित हो उठती है। मंत्र सुरीले हो जाते हैं। नंग धड़ंग कुम्हलाए बच्चे अपने अभाव का भाव विस्मृत कर गोरे चिट्टे हो जाते हैं। क्रांति की बांसुरी बजते ही पूरी परिदृष्य बदल जाता है….आरती क्रांति गीत में बदल गई / तो ईश्वर से आंखे मिलाने लगा / सीधे-सीधे टेढ़े सवाल पूछने लगा….पर उस बांसुरी वाले की तरह ही तजेन्दर का यह सपना भी धीरे से बदल गया। आज़ादी मिलने के बाद भी हम फिर किस इंकलाब की प्रतिक्षा में हैं। क्या सचमुच वह सपना पूरा हुआ? क्या विचार परिवर्तन के लिए हम सही उपाय जुटा सके? वह साधारण बांसुरी वाला क्या संदेश लेकर आया था और क्यों निराश होकर पलट गया? ऐसे कई निरूत्तर प्रश्न तेजेंदर सह्दय समाज के लिए छोड़ देते हैं।
हिंदी लिखना और पढ़ना मुझे भी बहुत पसंद है। ये अलग बात है कि मैंने बचपन से अंग्रेजी माध्यम से पढ़ाई किया है। लेकिन हिंदी की अखबार मुझे हिंदी से जोड़ कर रखी। इसलिए हीं मैं आज लिख पता हूँ। मुझे कवितायें लिखना बहुत पसंद है। मैंने एक छोटी-सी किताब लिखी है जिसका नाम है “हालात बदलतें हैं…” जो कि अमेज़न किंडल पर है।
मैंने आज जो लेख पढ़ा है। इस लेख से काफ़ी प्रभावित हुआ हूँ और मन एक उपन्यास लिखने की इच्छा हो रही है।….
धन्यवाद आपके इस सुंदर लेख के लिए।
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