जानकी पुल – A Bridge of World's Literature. जानकी पुल पर प्रकाशित लेखों में प्रकट विचार लेखक के होते हैं. उनसे मॉडरेटर का सहमत होना जरूरी नहीं है. हाँ, अपने लेखों में प्रकट विचारों के लिए मॉडरेटर खुद जिम्मेदार है
भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र के नाटकों और उनके मंचन के प्रभाव को लेकर 19वीं शताब्दी के प्रसिद्ध लेखक गोपाल राम गहमरी ने एक संस्मरण लिखा था. वे उन दिनों बलिया में छात्र थे और उन्होंने भारतेंदु को खुद नाटक में अभिनय करते देखा था. यह दुर्लभ लेख पढने को मिला ‘बहुवचन’ के अप्रैल-जून अंक में. गोपाल राम गहमरी ने बाद में ‘जासूस’ नामक पत्रिका निकाली थी और हिंदी में एक तरह से लोकप्रिय लेखन की धारा को उन्होंने स्थापित करने का काम किया था. फिलहाल उनका यह रोचक लेख- मॉडरेटर
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जे सूरजते बढ़ि गये
गरजे सिंह समान
तिनकी आजु समाधि पर
मूतत सियरा खान- भारतेंदु
मैं सन् 1879 ई में गहमर स्कूल से मिडिल वर्नाक्यूलर की परीक्षा पास करके चार वर्ष तक घर बैठा रहा। गाजीपुर जाकर अंगरेजी पढ़ने का खर्च मेरी माता गरीबी के कारण नहीं सम्हाल सकीं। मैं 13 वर्ष का था, इस कारण नार्मल स्कूल में भरती होने से वंचित हुआ। गहमर स्कूल में ही स्वयं हेडमास्टर से उच्च शिक्षा पाता हुआ लड़कों को भी पढ़ा रहा था। इस तरह चार वर्ष बीत गये। सन् 1883 में पटना नार्मल स्कूल में भरती हुआ। हिंदी वालों के लिए और आश्रय ही नहीं था।
सन् 1884 में बलिया जिले का बंदोबस्त हिन्दी में हो रहा था। वहां के इंचार्ज मुंशी चेथरूलाल डिप्टी कलेक्टर थे और कलक्टर राबर्ट रोज साहब हिंदी के प्रेमी थे। कानूनगो धनपतलाल सुन्दर हिंदी लिखने वालों की खोज में पटना नार्मल स्कूल पहुंचे। वहां से चालीस छात्रों को बलिया लाये। मैं भी उन्हीं में पटने से बलिया आया। बलिया जिले में गड़वार में बंदोबस्त का दफ्तर था। हिंदी के सैकड़ों सुलेखक उसमें काम करते थे। खसरा जमाबंदी सुबोध सुंदर देवनागरी अक्षरों में लिखने वाले मुहर्रिर सफाई कहलाते थे। सौ नम्बर खेतों का खसरा लिखने पर चार आना मिलता था, इस काम से बहुत से हिंदी के लेखक अपना उदर-भरण करते थे। मथुरा के मातादीन शुक्ल और जोरावर मिश्र उसमें सुयशभान सुलेखक थे। कलेक्टर साहब के हिंदी प्रेम का उन दिनों डंका बज गया था। मातादीन शुक्ल ने ‘देवाक्षरचरित’नाटक लिखकर वहां स्टेज किया था।
उसी में नदीवनी हिंदी कलक्टर साहब के द्वार पर पधारी थी और द्वारपाल के पूछने पर कहा था-
संस्कृत देवासुअन देवाक्षर मम नाम
बंगदेश आदिक रमत आइ गयों एहि ठाम
श्रवण सुन्यो यहि नगर को हाकिम परम उदार
सो पहुंचावहु तासु ढिग मनिहौं बड़ उपकार
इस निवेदन पर द्वारपाल ने गरीबिनी हिंदी को कलक्टर साहब के सामने पहुंचा दिया। उन्होंने सम्मान से हिंदी का यर्थाथवाद और सद्गुण पर रखकर उसको स्थान दिया और हिंदी में बंदोबस्त का काम जारी हुआ। यही नाटक का दृश्य था।
बिहार की कचहरियों में पंडित केशोराम भट्ट, पंडित शालीग्राम त्रिपाठी, ठाकुर रामदीन सिंह आदि सज्जनों के उद्योग से जो हिंदी प्रचलित हुई थी, जिसका स्थान कैथी ने अधिकृत कर लिया था। उसके पश्चात यू.पी. में ही पहले पहल हिंदी का सरकारी कागजों में यह प्रवेश पहला कदम था। नहीं तो उन दिनों हिंदी का नाम भी कोई नहीं लेता था। पाठशाला तो पंडितों की बैठक में थी जहां वर्षों सारस्वत कंठ करने वाले छात्रों की पढ़़ाई होती थी। जहां हम लोग पढ़ते थे वह मदरसा कहलाता था। पढ़ने की पंक्ति या श्रेणी वहां कहां, दरजा और क्लास भी नहीं उसको सफ कहते थे। सफ में रामागति और क,ख,ग पढ़ने वाले भरती होकर सफ 7 में जाते। ऊपर उठते-उठते सफ अव्वल में जाकर मिडिल वर्नाक्यूलर कहलाते थे। मास्टर या शिक्षक उन दिनों सुनने को नहीं मिलते थे-मुदर्रिस कहलाते थे। उन्हीं दिनों काशी के बाबू हरिश्चंद्र ने हिंदी को नवजीवन दान किया था। उन्हीं दिनों काशी के श्री रामशंकर व्यास महोदय के प्रस्ताव पर उन्हें भारतेंदु की सर्वमान्य उपाधि दी गयी थी। हम लोग उनकी कविता हरिश्चन्द्र चन्द्रिका और मैगजीन में कभी-कभी पढ़ने को पा जाते थे। काशी से सन् 1884 ई में ही बाबू रामकृष्ण वर्मा ने अपने जादू घर से भारत जीवन साप्ताहिक का जन्म दिया था। उसमें हर सप्ताह एक नया छप्पय श्री विजयानन्द त्रिपाठी का छपता रहा। अन्त को छप्पय बन्द करके त्रिपाठी जी ने यह दोहा ‘भारतजीवन’ का मोटो बना कर दियाः-
जयति ईश जाकी कृपा लेश ललित सर्वत्रा,
‘भारतजीवन’ हित लसत ‘भारतजीवन’ पत्रा।
तबसे यही भारतजीवन का भाल तिलक अन्त तक रहा।
श्री मातादीन शुक्ल रचित देवाक्षर रचित जब बलिया में अभिनीत हुआ, बहुत गणमान्य सज्जन दर्शकों में पधारे थे। नाटक में वहां बजाजों से रंगीन थान मंगाकर पर्दे बनाये गये थे। हिन्दी में पहले पहल वही नाटक वहां के हिन्दी प्रेमियों को देखने को मिला। वहां का उत्साह और सार्वजनिक भाषा स्नेह इतना उमड़ा कि श्री मातादीन शुक्ल के सुझाव और आग्रह पर मुंशी चेथरूलाल ने कलक्टर साहब को हिन्दी की ओर बहुत आकृष्ट किया। भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र वहां आमंत्रित हुए। उनकी मंडली सब सामान से लैस वहां पहुंची। मैं उनदिनों बाबू राधा कृष्णदास से ही परिचित था। वह बच्चा बाबू कहलाते थे। उन्होंने दुःखिनीबाला नामक एक छोटा सा ग्रंथ लिखा था। मैं उन दिनों 18 वर्ष का था,हिन्दी लिखने की रुचि थी, सामर्थ्य कम। भारतेंदु की मंडली भरके दर्शन मुझे वहीं बलिया में हुए थे और भारतेंदु का दर्शन पाकर अपने तई कृतार्थ हुआ। बड़ी श्रद्धा भक्ति से वहां भारतेंदु के नाटक लोगों ने देखे। भारतेंदु ने स्वयं हरिश्चंद्र बनकर सत्य हरिश्चंद्र का नाटक स्टेज पर खेला था।
उसके बाद भारत जननी और नील देवी नाटक भी खेला गया। भारत दुर्दशा का खेल हुआ। तीनों नाटकों में देशी विदेशी सज्जनों की आपार भीड़ थी। सत्य हरिश्चंद्र में जब डोम सरदार ने यों कहके हरिश्चंद्र को मोल लिया और अपना काम सौंपाः-
हम चौधरी डोम सरदार
अमल हमारा दोनों पार
सब समान पर हमारा राज
कफ़न मांगने का है काज
सो हम तुमको लेंगे मोल
देंगे मोहर गांठ से खोल
साहित्य रसिक योग्य आलोचक देखें कि डोम के मुंह से निकलने वाले कैसे चुभते सरल शब्द हैं। आजकल के लेखकों के नाटकों में देखता हूं, ऐसे गंवार मुंह के पात्रों से वह संस्कृताहट के पंच से रहे शब्द निकलते हैं कि लोग अर्थ समझने के लिए कोश उलटने को बाध्य होते हैं।
भारतेंदु जी जिस पात्र के मुंह से जैसा शब्द चाहिए वैसा गुम्फित करके नाटकत्व की जो मर्यादा रखी है उसका अनुकरण करने वाले स्वाभाविकता दर्शाने वाले मर्मज्ञ उंगलियों पर गिनने योग्य सुलेखक भी हिन्दी में नहीं दीखते।
यह चौधरी डोम सरदार के शब्द हरिश्चंद्र को उस समय मिले जब उन्होंने विश्वामित्र के निर्मम उलाहने और तीखे विष से भरे वचन वाण से मूर्छित-प्राय होकर करुणार्द्र स्वर से कहा था- मुनिराज अपना शरीर बेचकर एक लाख मुहर दूंगा।
विश्वामित्र ने कहा- तूने अपना राज मुझे दान कर दिया, खजांची को पुकारने का तेरा अधिकार नहीं। तू शरीर बेचेगा कहां? सारा राज तो हमारा है। हरिश्चंद्र ने कहा- काशी शिव के त्रिशूल पर बसी है। उसी की भूमि में अपने तई बेचूंगा। वही डोम चौधरी सरदार ने उन्हें मोल लिया-
कफन मांगने का काम सुचारू रूप से संपादित करते हुए एक दिन श्मशान में जब शैव्या अपने सर्पदष्ट पुत्रा रोहिताश्व का मृत शरीर लिए श्मशान में संस्कार करने आई और हरिश्चंद्र ने कफन का दान मांगा-
शैव्या ने बिलख कर कहा-
मैं अपना आंचल फाड़ कर कुंवर का शव ढांका है। इसको आधा फाड़कर देने में तो उधार हो जायेगा नाथ? कैसे क्या करूं भगवन्!
यही कहकर जो उसने आंसू हाथ से पोंछे तो सामने ही पसारे हुए हाथ की हथेली पर चक्रवर्ती राजा का चिन्ह देख पहचान गई और कहने लगी-
नाथ, यह तुम्हारा ही कुंवर रोहिताश्व है। अब कहां से मैं कफन दूं।
आंसू रोक कर हरिश्चंद्र ने अपने तई सम्हालते हुए कहा-
हमको अपना कर्तव्य पालन करने दो देवी-
उस समय कलेक्टर साहब की मेम ने अपने पति द्वारा कहलाया कि बाबू से बोलो- एक्ट आगे बढ़ावें। वहां मेमों के रुमाल भींग रहे थे। उनको कहां मालूम था कि उसके आगे तो त्रिलोकीनाथ का आसन डोलेगा और अमिय वृष्टि नभ से होगी। नाटक का अंत होगा।
भारतेंदु ने ओवर एक्ट उस समय किया। विलाप के मारे सब देशी विदेशी दर्शकों के अश्रु बेरोक प्रवाहित हो रहे थे। करुणा में सब विभोर थे कलक्टर साहब करुणा में अवाक् थे। स्टेज पर करुणा खड़ी थी। शैव्या रूपधारिणी बंग-महिला ने जो करुणा बरसाये, उससे सब विचलित हो गये थे।
भारतेंदु के श्मशान वर्णन के शब्द देखिए-
सोई भुज जे प्रिय गर डारे
भुज जिन रण विक्रम मारे
सोई सिर जहुं, निज बच टेका
सोई हृदय जहुं भाव अनेका
तृण न बोझ हुं जिनत सम्हारे
तिन पर काठ बोझ बहु डारे
सिर पीड़ा जिनकी नहि हेरी
करन कपाल क्रिया तिन केरी
प्राणहुं से बढ़ि जाकहुं चाहै
ता कहुं आजु सबै मिलि दाहैं।
इस करुणा को लांघकर उस कफन मोचन का अवसर किसी से सह्य नहीं हुआ था। उसके बाद ही तो आसन डोला, सब जी गये। करुणा बीत गयी, अमिय वृष्टि से नाटक का अंत हुआ। हेमंत की हाड़ कंपाने वाली भयंकर शीत में हम लोग बलिया से गड़वार पैदल रवाना हो गये।
भारतेंदु जी अपनी मंडली सहित ससम्मान वहां से विदा होकर काशी लौट गये। सन् 1884 ई को अंतिम मास था। सुना काशी पहुंचने पर रुग्ण हो गये। छाती में उनके दर्द उठा। एक मित्र से सुना कि भारतेंदु जी एकांत में योग साधन करते थे। नित्य के साधन में किसी समय कुछ भूल हो गई छाती में वेदना होने लगी। उस वेदना से ही उनका अंतिम काल आया।
छह जनवरी सन् 1885 मंगलवार को काशी में उनका स्वर्गवास हो गया। हिन्दी का श्रृंगार नस गया। भारतेंदु का अस्त हुआ। भारत जीवन, सार सुधानिधि, भारतमित्र मासिक, भारतेंदु ब्राह्मण, हिन्दी प्रदीप आदि समस्त पत्रों में महीनों विषाद रहा। सब पत्रों ने काला कलेवर करके दुःख प्रकट किया।
भारतेंदु ने एक स्थान पर लिखा है-
कहेंगे सबैही नयन नीर भरि-भरि
पाछे प्यारे हरिश्चंद्र की
कहानी रहि जायगी।
अब वही रह गई है।
=================
दुर्लभ किताबों के PDF के लिए जानकी पुल को telegram पर सब्सक्राइब करें
लेख मैंने पढ़ लिया. मार्मिक, सुन्दर और ज्ञानवर्धक है. पर भारतेंदु जी का इंतकाल सन 1885 ई. में हुआ था न कि छह जनवरी सन् 1889 को, जैसा कि लेख के अंत में दर्ज है. कृपया यह भी स्पष्ट करें कि मूल गलती कहां है. गहमरी जी की जानकारी में या बहुवचन पत्रिका में जहां से यह लेख लिया गया है या मॉडरेटर द्वारा टाईपिंग में?
इस दुर्लभ संस्मरण की प्रस्तुति के लिये मैं विशेष आभारी हूँ । हिन्दी साहित्य के इतिहास में ( जो पाठ्यक्रमों में पढ़ाया जाता है ) गोपालराम गहमरी जी ,श्रद्धाराम फिल्लौरी आदि का प्रायः उल्लेख नही किया जाता । मैंने इस विषय में तो पढ़ा है लेकिन हिन्दी के विस्तार की इतनी उपयोगी जानकारी पहले अभी मिली है । भारतेन्दु का अपने आपमें एक युग माना जाना कितना अर्थपूर्ण है इसे यह आलेख और भी प्रमाणित करता है । लेकिन मुंशी चारुथलाल का योगदान कम अविस्मरणीय नही है । ।
IQBAL KA YAH SHER BHARTENDU HARISHCHANDRA PAR HEE LAGTA HAI
Hazaaron saal nargis apnee benooree pe roti hai
Badee mushkil se hotaa hai chaman mein deedawar paida
VE NISSANDEH BHARAT KE INDU THE .
उस समय का पूरा इतिहास जैसे भारतेंदु जी के प्रसंग और इस लेख के माध्यम से सामने ही आ गया.
कहाँ कहाँ से लाते है ढूंढ कर आप ऐसे साहित्यिक मोती?
durlabh samagri .. thanks for sharing ..
sangrah karne yogya aalekh…..
सुंदर पोस्ट ।
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