कुछ बरस पहले ऑस्ट्रियन लेखक स्टीफेन स्वाइग की आत्मकथा का हिंदी अनुवाद आया था तो उसकी खूब चर्चा रही. अनुवाद किया था हमारे प्रिय कथाकार ओम शर्मा ने. पुस्तक का एक अंश ओमा जी की भूमिका के साथ- जानकी पुल.
अनुवादक का कथ्य
हमारे समकालीन साहित्य में स्टीफन स्वाइग बहुत चर्चित नाम नहीं है हालांकि बीती सदी के मध्यांतर तक इस जर्मन–भाषी ऑस्ट्रियाई लेखक की लगभग पूरे विश्व साहित्य में तूती बोलती थी। हर भाषा के कुछ हलकों में स्टीफन स्वाइग का नाम अलबत्ता बेहद सम्मान के साथ लिया जाता रहा है। कथा साहित्य के स्तर पर स्वाइग ने न तो दोस्तोवस्की और टॉल्सटॉय की तरह वृहत दस्तावेजी उपन्यास लिखे और न चेखव और ओ हेनरी की तर्ज पर समाज पर कटाक्ष करती चुस्त कहानियां लिखीं फिर भी कहना होगा कि एक मनोवैज्ञानिक पडताल की मार्फत कहानी को एक कला की सरहद तक ले जाने का श्रेय इसी लेखक को जाएगा . “अनजान औरत का खत“, “एक औरत की जिन्दगी के 24 घंटे“, “डर“, “रॉयल गेम“, “अमोक” और “बर्निंग सीक्रेट” जैसी लम्बी कहानियां इसके जीवन्त प्रमाण हैं, ठीक उसी तरह जैसे दो–दो विश्व युद्धों की विभीषिका को झेलती मानवता की त्रासदी —और उसकी खिलाफत) को “अतीतजीवी“, “भगोड़ा” और “किताबी कीड़ा” जैसी कहानियों, “जेरेभिहा” जेसे नाटक और “बिवेयर ऑफ पिटी” जैसे उपन्यास में गहरे, सार्थक और खास अन्दाज में दर्ज किया गया हैबहुत कच्ची उम्र में कविताओं से अपने लेखकीय जीवन की धमाकेदार शुरूआत करने वाले इस लेखक का विश्व साहित्य में विपुल और बहुआयामी अवदान है नाटक, कहानी और उपन्यास लेखन के अलावा जीवनी लेखन के क्षेत्रों में स्वाइग की पहचान अद्वितीय है फ्रायड, रोमां रोलां, टॉल्सटॉय, दोस्तोयेव्स्की, डिकन्स और बाल्जाक जैसे सर्वकालिक लेखकों – विचारकों पर लिखी उसकी आलोचनात्मक जीवनियाँ सतत बारीक मनोवैज्ञानिक अध्ययन के अलावा दरअसल जीवनी लेखन का विधागत विस्तार हैं।
स्वाइग एक यहूदी था और पैदाइश से एक ऐसे देश (ऑस्ट्रिया) का नागरिक जो लम्बे अरसे तक विश्व की सांस्कृतिक राजधानी रहने के बावजूद प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के बाद हिटलर (जर्मनी) की फासिस्टवादी ताकतों की गिरफ्त का शिकार हो गया एक कमजोर लाचार देश और प्रताडित कौम से सम्बद्ध होने के कारण, विश्वव्यापी लेखकीय सफलता के बावजूद उसे कौम के लाखों मासूमों की तरह दर–बदर ठोकरें खानी पडीं, मगर शुक्र है उस रूप में जान नहीं गंवानी पडी हालांकि इन्हीं ठोकरों को झेलते–झेलते उसने एक परदेशी जमीन (ब्राजील) पर 1942 में अपनी जीवन लीला समाप्त कर ली . द वर्ल्ड ऑफ यसटर्डे (आत्मकथा) को आत्महत्या से कुछ महीने पूर्व ही पूरा किया था इसका प्रकाशन तो उसके मरणोपरांत ही हो सका स्वाइग की दूसरी चर्चित और लोकप्रिय रचनाओं की तरह यह भी विश्व स्तर पर खूब चर्चित और अनूदित हुई यह कई अर्थों में एक विरल पुस्तक है मसलन, आत्मकथा होने के बावजूद यहां लेखक या उसके निज का कोई भी पहलू केन्द्र में नहीं है लेखक की आदतों या संघर्ष पर रोशनी का एक भी कतरा यहां अनुपस्थित है इसके केन्द्र में कुछ है तो वह है लेखक का समय और वैश्विक चेतना जिसमें लेखक जी रहा है या अपनी प्रेरणा ग्रहण कर रहा है कई अर्थों में यह एक ऐतिहासिक दस्तावेज भी है क्योंकि बीती सदी के पूर्वार्ध्द के एक दशक के भीतर विश्व व्यवस्था का फासिस्टवादी–नाजीवादी शक्तियों ने जो कायाकल्प कर दिया, यह उसके सूत्रों को व्यापक फलक पर पूरी तटस्थता से पेश करती है रचनात्मकता और साहित्य को समर्पित एक विदग्ध प्रतिभा जीवन में किन सरोकारों (कलात्मकता) और मूल्यों (स्वतन्त्रता, अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयवाद) के साथ अपना रास्ता चुनती है, कह सकते हैं, यह आत्मकथा इसकी बेहतरीन मिसाल है आत्मकथा लेखक यहां एक सूत्राधार की भूमिका में है कभी तो एक नादान प्रशिक्षार्थी की भूमिका में भी और उसी भूमिका में वह कभी अपने दिग्गज समकालीनों रिल्के, रोदां, गोर्की, हर्जल, रोमां रोलां, वेरहारन, रिचर्ड स्ट्रॉस, हाफमंसथाल, शॉ, वेल्स और फ्रायड की रचनात्मकता के बरक्स उनकी निजी खूबियों की बेदाग तस्वीर पेश करता है तो कभी रूसी, ब्रितानी, ऑस्ट्रियाई या अमरीकी समाज की बुनियादें उघाडता है अपने समय और समाज की पडताल करते हुए कोई रचना कैसे सार्वभौमिक और सर्वकालिक हो सकती है, यह इस आत्मकथा को पढक़र ही समझा जा सकता है फासिस्टवादी शक्तियों के इधर बढते उभार के मद्देनजर, बिना किसी कटुता के यह हमें बोध करा देती है कि शैशव में फुटकर और नामालूम दिखने वाली मानसिकता कितनी क्रूर, विद्रूप और संहारक हो सकती है लेखक स्वाइग की रचनात्मकता के सूत्रों–अन्तरसूत्रों को समझने के लिए तो यह परोक्ष खदान है ही. पूरी पुस्तक के दौरान पल भर भी यह एहसास नहीं होता है कि लेखक अपनी किसी अतृप्त इच्छा, सफल–असफल प्रेम–प्रसंगों या वैचारिक ग्रन्थी को वैधता देने या उसका रोना पीटने में लगा है जैसा पिछले दिनों हिन्दी की एकाधिक आत्मकथाओं में गोचर हुआ बल्कि हैरत होती है कि दूसरे विश्व युद्ध के आसपास, यहूदी होने के कारण, हिटलर द्वारा स्वाइग को जिस तरह खदेड़ा गया, उस दौर में साहित्य, जीवन, कला, लेखकों–कलाकारों और स्थितियों की ऐसी निष्पक्ष और कलात्मक पडताल मुमकिन कैसे हुई? जिन्दगी का तमाम हासिल भाषा, मुल्क, परिवार–समाज, रचनाएं और कला–संग्रह छिन जाने के बाद, शोहरत के शिखर से दुरदुराया लेखक टॉल्सटॉय की मजार की खूबसूरती, रिल्के के गुमसुमपने, गोर्की के ठेस हाव–भावों, स्ट्रॉस की तुनकमिजाजी, स्कूली दिनों की मनहूसियत, पेरिस के फक्कड दिनों और वियना शहर के कला रूझानों को एक साथ इतनी निर्मम निष्पक्षता से कैसे दर्ज कर पाया. मगर हलचल–चकाचौंध से परहेज करने वाला स्वाइग जैसा उस्ताद लेखक जब अपने समय के साथ मुठभेड करता है तभी एक बडी कलाकृति सम्भव हो पाती है.बानगी के लिए द वर्ल्ड ऑफ यसटरडे (वो गुजरा जमाना) के हिन्दी रूपान्तर के चुनिन्दा अंश यहां प्रस्तुत हैं सन्दर्भित टिप्पणियां मेरी हैं ताकि परिप्रेक्ष्य समझने में आसानी रहे.
राजे क़ामयाबी और एक खास कामयाबी
उन बरसों में, मेरी जाती जिन्दगी का सबसे मौजूँ वाकया एक मेहमान की मौजूदगी थी जो बड़ा मेहरबान होकर पसर गया था; एक ऐसा मेहमान जिसकी मैंने कतई उम्मीद नहीं की थी: यानी कामयाबी। यह जाहिर बात है कि अपनी किताबों की कामयाबी का जिक्र करना मुझे अच्छा नहीं लगता है. उनके चलताऊ जिक्र से भी, जिसे दम्भ या शेखी माना जा सकता है, मैं अमूमन कन्नी काट लेता मगर मेरे पास इसकी एक खास वजह है और, अपनी जिन्दगी की कहानी बतलाते वक्त यह मजबूरी भी है कि मैं इसे नजर–अन्दाज न करूँ क्योंकि नौ बरस पहले हिटलर के आगमन से, यह कामायाबी भी तारीख में दफन हो गयी है। मेरी सैकडों, हजारों और यहाँ तक कि लाखों किताबें, जर्मनी के जिन अनगिनत घरों और किताब की दुकानों में महफूज़ रहती थीं, आज एक भी नहीं मिलती। किसी के पास गर हो भी तो वह बड़े एहतियात से उसे छुपाकर रखता है। पब्लिक लाइब्रेरियों में वे तथाकथित विष पेटी में कैद रहती हैं ताकि, वे चन्द लोग जिन्हें हुकूमत की खास इजाजत हो, वैज्ञानिक तरीके से —ज्यादातर बदनाम करने के लिए —उनका इस्तेमाल कर सकें। मेरे वे पाठक और दोस्त जो मुझे लिखा करते थे, अरसे से किसी ने मेरे बद–नाम को लिफाफे पर लिखने की जुर्रत नहीं की है और यही नहीं, फ्रांस, इटली और उन तमाम देशों में जो आज गुलाम हैं और जहाँ अनुवाद के जरिये मेरी किताबें खूब पढी जाती थीं, वहाँ भी हिटलर के हुक्म ने इसी तरह उन पर पाबन्दी ठोक रखी है। ग्रिलपार्जर के लफ्जों में कहूँ तो एक लेखक के तौर पर मैं जीते जी अपनी ही लाश की परछाईं बन गया हूँ। पिछले चालीस बर
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कुछ बरस पहले ऑस्ट्रियन लेखक स्टीफेन स्वाइग की आत्मकथा का हिंदी अनुवाद आया था तो उसकी खूब चर्चा रही. अनुवाद किया था हमारे प्रिय कथाकार ओम शर्मा ने. पुस्तक का एक अंश ओमा जी की भूमिका के साथ- जानकी पुल.
अनुवादक का कथ्य
हमारे समकालीन साहित्य में स्टीफन स्वाइग बहुत चर्चित नाम नहीं है हालांकि बीती सदी के मध्यांतर तक इस जर्मन–भाषी ऑस्ट्रियाई लेखक की लगभग पूरे विश्व साहित्य में तूती बोलती थी। हर भाषा के कुछ हलकों में स्टीफन स्वाइग का नाम अलबत्ता बेहद सम्मान के साथ लिया जाता रहा है। कथा साहित्य के स्तर पर स्वाइग ने न तो दोस्तोवस्की और टॉल्सटॉय की तरह वृहत दस्तावेजी उपन्यास लिखे और न चेखव और ओ हेनरी की तर्ज पर समाज पर कटाक्ष करती चुस्त कहानियां लिखीं फिर भी कहना होगा कि एक मनोवैज्ञानिक पडताल की मार्फत कहानी को एक कला की सरहद तक ले जाने का श्रेय इसी लेखक को जाएगा . \”अनजान औरत का खत\”, \”एक औरत की जिन्दगी के 24 घंटे\”, \”डर\”, \”रॉयल गेम\”, \”अमोक\” और \”बर्निंग सीक्रेट\” जैसी लम्बी कहानियां इसके जीवन्त प्रमाण हैं, ठीक उसी तरह जैसे दो–दो विश्व युद्धों की विभीषिका को झेलती मानवता की त्रासदी —और उसकी खिलाफत) को \”अतीतजीवी\”, \”भगोड़ा\” और \”किताबी कीड़ा\” जैसी कहानियों, \”जेरेभिहा\” जेसे नाटक और \”बिवेयर ऑफ पिटी\” जैसे उपन्यास में गहरे, सार्थक और खास अन्दाज में दर्ज किया गया हैबहुत कच्ची उम्र में कविताओं से अपने लेखकीय जीवन की धमाकेदार शुरूआत करने वाले इस लेखक का विश्व साहित्य में विपुल और बहुआयामी अवदान है नाटक, कहानी और उपन्यास लेखन के अलावा जीवनी लेखन के क्षेत्रों में स्वाइग की पहचान अद्वितीय है फ्रायड, रोमां रोलां, टॉल्सटॉय, दोस्तोयेव्स्की, डिकन्स और बाल्जाक जैसे सर्वकालिक लेखकों – विचारकों पर लिखी उसकी आलोचनात्मक जीवनियाँ सतत बारीक मनोवैज्ञानिक अध्ययन के अलावा दरअसल जीवनी लेखन का विधागत विस्तार हैं।
स्वाइग एक यहूदी था और पैदाइश से एक ऐसे देश (ऑस्ट्रिया) का नागरिक जो लम्बे अरसे तक विश्व की सांस्कृतिक राजधानी रहने के बावजूद प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के बाद हिटलर (जर्मनी) की फासिस्टवादी ताकतों की गिरफ्त का शिकार हो गया एक कमजोर लाचार देश और प्रताडित कौम से सम्बद्ध होने के कारण, विश्वव्यापी लेखकीय सफलता के बावजूद उसे कौम के लाखों मासूमों की तरह दर–बदर ठोकरें खानी पडीं, मगर शुक्र है उस रूप में जान नहीं गंवानी पडी हालांकि इन्हीं ठोकरों को झेलते–झेलते उसने एक परदेशी जमीन (ब्राजील) पर 1942 में अपनी जीवन लीला समाप्त कर ली . द वर्ल्ड ऑफ यसटर्डे (आत्मकथा) को आत्महत्या से कुछ महीने पूर्व ही पूरा किया था इसका प्रकाशन तो उसके मरणोपरांत ही हो सका स्वाइग की दूसरी चर्चित और लोकप्रिय रचनाओं की तरह यह भी विश्व स्तर पर खूब चर्चित और अनूदित हुई यह कई अर्थों में एक विरल पुस्तक है मसलन, आत्मकथा होने के बावजूद यहां लेखक या उसके निज का कोई भी पहलू केन्द्र में नहीं है लेखक की आदतों या संघर्ष पर रोशनी का एक भी कतरा यहां अनुपस्थित है इसके केन्द्र में कुछ है तो वह है लेखक का समय और वैश्विक चेतना जिसमें लेखक जी रहा है या अपनी प्रेरणा ग्रहण कर रहा है कई अर्थों में यह एक ऐतिहासिक दस्तावेज भी है क्योंकि बीती सदी के पूर्वार्ध्द के एक दशक के भीतर विश्व व्यवस्था का फासिस्टवादी–नाजीवादी शक्तियों ने जो कायाकल्प कर दिया, यह उसके सूत्रों को व्यापक फलक पर पूरी तटस्थता से पेश करती है रचनात्मकता और साहित्य को समर्पित एक विदग्ध प्रतिभा जीवन में किन सरोकारों (कलात्मकता) और मूल्यों (स्वतन्त्रता, अन्तर्राष्ट्रीयवाद) के साथ अपना रास्ता चुनती है, कह सकते हैं, यह आत्मकथा इसकी बेहतरीन मिसाल है आत्मकथा लेखक यहां एक सूत्राधार की भूमिका में है कभी तो एक नादान प्रशिक्षार्थी की भूमिका में भी और उसी भूमिका में वह कभी अपने दिग्गज समकालीनों रिल्के, रोदां, गोर्की, हर्जल, रोमां रोलां, वेरहारन, रिचर्ड स्ट्रॉस, हाफमंसथाल, शॉ, वेल्स और फ्रायड की रचनात्मकता के बरक्स उनकी निजी खूबियों की बेदाग तस्वीर पेश करता है तो कभी रूसी, ब्रितानी, ऑस्ट्रियाई या अमरीकी समाज की बुनियादें उघाडता है अपने समय और समाज की पडताल करते हुए कोई रचना कैसे सार्वभौमिक और सर्वकालिक हो सकती है, यह इस आत्मकथा को पढक़र ही समझा जा सकता है फासिस्टवादी शक्तियों के इधर बढते उभार के मद्देनजर, बिना किसी कटुता के यह हमें बोध करा देती है कि शैशव में फुटकर और नामालूम दिखने वाली मानसिकता कितनी क्रूर, विद्रूप और संहारक हो सकती है लेखक स्वाइग की रचनात्मकता के सूत्रों–अन्तरसूत्रों को समझने के लिए तो यह परोक्ष खदान है ही. पूरी पुस्तक के दौरान पल भर भी यह एहसास नहीं होता है कि लेखक अपनी किसी अतृप्त इच्छा, सफल–असफल प्रेम–प्रसंगों या वैचारिक ग्रन्थी को वैधता देने या उसका रोना पीटने में लगा है जैसा पिछले दिनों हिन्दी की एकाधिक आत्मकथाओं में गोचर हुआ बल्कि हैरत होती है कि दूसरे विश्व युद्ध के आसपास, यहूदी होने के कारण, हिटलर द्वारा स्वाइग को जिस तरह खदेड़ा गया, उस दौर में साहित्य, जीवन, कला, लेखकों–कलाकारों और स्थितियों की ऐसी निष्पक्ष और कलात्मक पडताल मुमकिन कैसे हुई? जिन्दगी का तमाम हासिल भाषा, मुल्क, परिवार–समाज, रचनाएं और कला–संग्रह छिन जाने के बाद, शोहरत के शिखर से दुरदुराया लेखक टॉल्सटॉय की मजार की खूबसूरती, रिल्के के गुमसुमपने, गोर्की के ठेस हाव–भावों, स्ट्रॉस की तुनकमिजाजी, स्कूली दिनों की मनहूसियत, पेरिस के फक्कड दिनों और वियना शहर के कला रूझानों को एक साथ इतनी निर्मम निष्पक्षता से कैसे दर्ज कर पाया. मगर हलचल–चकाचौंध से परहेज करने वाला स्वाइग जैसा उस्ताद लेखक जब अपने समय के साथ मुठभेड करता है तभी एक बडी कलाकृति सम्भव हो पाती है.बानगी के लिए द वर्ल्ड ऑफ यसटरडे (वो गुजरा जमाना) के हिन्दी रूपान्तर के चुनिन्दा अंश यहां प्रस्तुत हैं सन्दर्भित टिप्पणियां मेरी हैं ताकि परिप्रेक्ष्य समझने में आसानी रहे.
राजे क़ामयाबी और एक खास कामयाबी
उन बरसों में, मेरी जाती जिन्दगी का सबसे मौजूँ वाकया एक मेहमान की मौजूदगी थी जो बड़ा मेहरबान होकर पसर गया था; एक ऐसा मेहमान जिसकी मैंने कतई उम्मीद नहीं की थी: यानी कामयाबी। यह जाहिर बात है कि अपनी किताबों की कामयाबी का जिक्र करना मुझे अच्छा नहीं लगता है. उनके चलताऊ जिक्र से भी, जिसे दम्भ या शेखी माना जा सकता है, मैं अमूमन कन्नी काट लेता मगर मेरे पास इसकी एक खास वजह है और, अपनी जिन्दगी की कहानी बतलाते वक्त यह मजबूरी भी है कि मैं इसे नजर–अन्दाज न करूँ क्योंकि नौ बरस पहले हिटलर के आगमन से, यह कामायाबी भी तारीख में दफन हो गयी है। मेरी सैकडों, हजारों और यहाँ तक कि लाखों किताबें, जर्मनी के जिन अनगिनत घरों और किताब की दुकानों में महफूज़ रहती थीं, आज एक भी नहीं मिलती। किसी के पास गर हो भी तो वह बड़े एहतियात से उसे छुपाकर रखता है। पब्लिक लाइब्रेरियों में वे तथाकथित विष पेटी में कैद रहती हैं ताकि, वे चन्द लोग जिन्हें हुकूमत की खास इजाजत हो, वैज्ञानिक तरीके से —ज्यादातर बदनाम करने के लिए —उनका इस्तेमाल कर सकें। मेरे वे पाठक और दोस्त जो मुझे लिखा करते थे, अरसे से किसी ने मेरे बद–नाम को लिफाफे पर लिखने की जुर्रत नहीं की है और यही नहीं, फ्रांस, इटली और उन तमाम देशों में जो आज गुलाम हैं और जहाँ अनुवाद के जरिये मेरी किताबें खूब पढी जाती थीं, वहाँ भी हिटलर के हुक्म ने इसी तरह उन पर पाबन्दी ठोक रखी है। ग्रिलपार्जर के लफ्जों में कहूँ तो एक लेखक के तौर पर मैं जीते जी अपनी ही लाश की परछाईं बन गया हूँ। पिछले चालीस बर
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Thanks :]
प्रभातजी, इस बेहतरीन पोस्ट के लिए बधाई । स्टीफन स्वाइग के साथ-साथ एक पूरे ऐतिहासिक दौर की याद ताजा कर दी आपने । धन्यवाद ।
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